Frequently Asked Questions

When making low-level signal measurements (nanoamp to picoamp), when performing electrochemistry, when making capacitance measurements, or when there are ground loops that cause interference where normal coaxial cable shields do not eliminate.

Both types of cables can operate over similar distances; however, triaxial cables will provide a superior level of signal integrity when used in electrically noisy areas and will experience lower capacitance loading effects because of their better common mode rejection capabilities compared to coaxial cables at longer distances.

Yes, triaxial cables generally have a higher price than coaxial through additional layers of conductors, insulators, and complex manufacturing equipment required to produce them. However, if you are utilizing precision instrumentation applications, the pricing is justifiable because of the increased performance that they provide.

Coaxial cables transmit both AC and DC signals. Tempsens mineral insulated coaxial cables are rated for DC applications and AC frequencies from near-DC to several GHz depending on construction and impedance specifications.

Standard types include RG-series flexible cables, semi-rigid cables, and hardline cables. Tempsens specializes in mineral insulated metal sheathed coaxial cables offering superior performance in extreme temperature and harsh environment applications.

Triaxial cable is a key component of electrometer-based measurement applications configured using triaxial cable. It is also used for measuring picoampere currents, capacitance measurements, and for electrochemical testing applications because it can prevent ground loop interference and leakage currents.

The word “coaxial cable” is sometimes known as “coax”. Mineral-insulated coaxial cable has been referred to by other names such as MI coax; and MIMS (mineral-insulated metal-sheathed coaxial cable) in more specialized applications.

SPNDs feature a compact design, are self-powered and stable under extreme reactor conditions, and provide linear and reproducible flux signals in real time for reactor regulation, as well as for precise flux mapping applications.

Most industrial applications require pyrometer calibration at least once per year. High-criticality processes such as steel casting, glass melting, or pharmaceutical manufacturing may require calibration every 3–6 months or after any significant process change, instrument repair, or impact event.

Pyrometer calibration standard refer to the reference traceable sources and measurement protocols used to verify instrument accuracy. These include blackbody radiation sources calibrated against national measurement institutes (NMIs), transfer standard pyrometers, and documented uncertainty budgets all aligned with ITS-90 and ISO/IEC 17025 requirements.

Heating element ageing, sensor drift and calibration error occur throughout time and if you do not have a regular thermal survey and SAT verification performed at some point in time, these errors compound becoming a serious safety issue for the operation of the furnace. Regular furnace calibration prevents out-of-spec processing, product rejections, and non-conformances during audits.

Under AMS 2750H/CQI-9, a temperature uniformity survey is typically required quarterly or semi-annually depending on furnace class, while a system accuracy test is required monthly. Frequency also depends on furnace usage intensity and the applicable customer or process standard.

The primary standard is AMS 2750H. Furnaces are classified into Class 1 through Class 6 under AMS 2750H, each with defined temperature uniformity tolerances. Tempsens furnace calibration service supports compliance across all these frameworks.

Mica strip heaters are built with a stainless-steel protection that prevents corrosion, however these types of heaters should not come into direct contact with water (e.g., be submerged). A Terminal Box accessory would be a great way to protect electrical connections from any dripping or overflow in a potentially wet environment.

Wattage is calculated based on the surface area to be heated, the required temperature rise, and heat-up time. The mica strip heating element supports up to 28 W/in² maximum watt density. For custom wattage calculations, contact the Tempsens factory with your application details.

To maintain smooth flow of ashes, eliminates caking, and prevents buildup of fly ash discharge equipment; ensures smooth operation of the Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP).

If you can verify operating temperatures and electrical connections are functioning correctly according to what the manufacturer lists, then your hopper heater is more likely to last longer without requiring unplanned maintenance work.

Yes. Tempsens is a box furnace manufacturer that allows for several different customization options, including gas purging for Ar, N2, O2, H2, CO etc. The ability to integrate a vacuum pump for heat treatment. It also has the option to use programmable PID controllers with RS232/RS-485/Ethernet data logging, and custom internal dimensions.

The industrial box furnace maintains uniform heating with the help of heating elements which are positioned on the sides of the furnace chamber. Microprocessor-based PID controllers continuously monitor and adjust power output via thyristor or SSR units. NABL-certified thermocouples offer precise temperature feedback to eliminate hot spots and thermal gradients inside the heating chamber.

Temperature capability for box furnaces: 900 – 1800°C based on type of heating element. NiCr elements are used in the CF-900 and the CF-1600 and CF-1800 use MoSi₂ elements. The broad temperature range is ideal for many different applications, from simple heat treatment processes to more advanced sintering of materials and glass melting.

Tempsens box furnace is equipped with either refractory brick or lightweight ceramic fiber board insulation. The heating elements are positioned on chamber sides ensuring uniform temperature distribution. For temperatures up to 1600°C & 1800°C, MoSi₂ elements are used, while lower models utilize FeCrAl or SiC elements.

Yes, because of the insulated work platform and the DC motor lift mechanism that provides stability to the work platform throughout the programmed temperature range, there will be very little variation in temperature throughout the cycle.

The industrial bottom-loading furnace utilizes high-efficiency heating elements (SiC, FeCrAl, MoSi2) at operating temperatures of 1200C, 1400C, and 1800C, which are configured for these temperature profiles. The BLF-I can also produce a heated load cycle.

Bottom loading contributes to temperature uniformity by providing strategically placed heating elements, multiple layers of insulation that allow for diffuse thermal distribution and no thermal gradient that would adversely affect material quality.

Bottom loading reduces the amount of vibration experienced during material handling; making it the best approach to handling brittle ceramics and delicate glass components that need as little mechanical disturbance as possible.

Once a heating skid is properly engineered for your application’s requirements, it will accommodate the specified temperature range which in most cases is typically an ambient inlet temperature up to approximately 300° C or greater for specialty thermal oil service. When we engineer systems we take into account many factors including the thermal properties of the fluid being heated, limitations of the pressure vessel materials and also applicable safety margins.

The maximum operating pressure of the heating skid is determined by the design parameters of the unit’s components (vessel material, wall thickness, and design specifications). Standard heating systems are designed to operate between 10 and 25 Bar (150 – 360 psi). In addition to standard heating systems there are also custom-designed systems that can operate at higher than standard operating pressures. All skid loader heater meet ASME Section VIII and the European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) and use appropriate safety factors.

Yes, every heating skid is custom built based on your application process to meet your installation requirements. Examples include different piping configurations, different materials, different types of sensors, and different control logic. Our flexible designs allow for compatibility to your existing facilities.

Every system adheres to ISO 9001-2015 quality standards, ASME Section VIII pressure vessel requirements, and applicable electrical codes. We gladly accommodate additional standards specific to your industry or jurisdiction.

In India, digital linear heat sensing cable price vary based upon specifications and the length of a cable. Please send your project details (zone size / ambient temperature/installation environment) to our sales team in order to receive a quote based on your project requirments and needs.

This includes using an integrated clamp to hold the clamp sensor in place to the pipe ensuring that there is proper contact between the temperature measurement sensor and the pipe surface. The user must also setup the pipe’s diameter, material, and output via the built-in keypad. Power is supplied through a separate power supply unit that connects to pin 1 of the temperature measuring device using a range of 12-28V DC, and the output connections are made from the non-invasive temperature device to indicate which reference points will provide the most accurate readings.

The non invasive temperature sensor from Tempsens offers an accuracy of ± 2 degrees Celsius, which is achieved when thermally attaching to a metal pipe under normal operating conditions. Calibrating with one reference point or multiple reference points establishes enhanced accuracy according to the type of material being measured, the insulation characteristics of the material being measured, and the actual environment (ambient temperature) in which the measurement is being performed.

Based on installation distance and current specifications, choosing a right size for the solar panel’s DC cable is critical. The sizing chart contains wire sizes from 1.5 square millimeters (19 Amps) for small scale residential applications up to 240 square millimeters (520 Amps) for commercial use; typical wire sizes would be 4 square millimeters (42 Amps), 6 square millimeters (52 Amps), 10 sqmm (76 Amps) or 16 sqmm (95 Amps), depending on the number of panels and their capability.

The price of DC solar cables will depend on the size of the conductors, the type of insulation used, and how many cables are ordered. The actual pricing will be affected by the cross-sectional area of the conductors, which can range from 1.5 to 240 sq.mm, the specifications used to build each conductor (e.g., tinned copper, LSZH/XLPO insulation), and other standards that must meet BS EN 50618: 2014. You can also contact Tempsens for competitive quotations based on the unique specifications of your solar photovoltaic cable.

No. The lead wire is a connecting wire used in industries insulated with materials like PVC, PTFE polymers etc.

A lead wire’s longevity is affected by many things: operating temperature, conditions of the environment, and the insulator used. Under rated operating conditions, the PVC insulated lead wires from Tempsens will generally last for 15 to 20 years, whereas PTFE and FEP insulated lead wires may very well exceed 25 to 30 years of lifespan.

Lead Wire is frequently referred to as Hookup wiring, Connection Wiring or Conductor Wiring. Depending on the settings of various temperature measuring applications, the lead wire may be identified as Extension Wire or Compensation Cable.

The lead wire price is determined by the conductor size, insulation material, and specifications. The quality of lead wires offered by Tempsens is of the highest standard at prices that are competitive with the marketplace, and their quotation for each type of lead wire will be provided upon request.

Yes, the Ceramic bobbin heater is specifically manufactured and produces the most efficient heat output in the furnace at maximum temperatures of 600° Celsius and is designed to withstand extremely high temperatures, up to 1200° Celsius, without breaking down. Its ceramic construction coupled with insulative properties provides the Ceramic Bobbin Heater with maximum performance longevity within a furnace system.

The maximum watt density for bobbin heaters is as high as 10 Watts/cm².  The sheath material could be nickel-plated mild steel, stainless steel (SS grade), Inconel, or Incoloy based on the operating temperature and corrosive environment requirements of the application.

The Tempsens DTSenz Distributed Temperature sensing system has a temperature range that is standard from -20°C to +120°C, with specialized cables capable of operating outside of this range as well. The accuracy of the system is ±2°C over the maximum 16 km sensing distance, with a measurement time of 5 seconds. The temperature resolution is 0.1°C, which allows for low thermal deviation. Additionally, the position accuracy of ±0.5 meter provides for a precise location of any temperature variations along the monitored asset.

The FluoroSenz fluorescence fibre optic temperature sensor system is capable of reading temperatures between -40°C to 260°C with an accuracy of ±1°C and a resolution of 0.1°C throughout its entire operating range. The PTFE (Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene) sheath for the three-millimetre diameter sensing cables provides reliability in temperature ranges of -20°C to 65°C with consistent performance across all operating temperatures.

Fluoroptic temperature sensors (thermometers) are designed to provide complete galvanic isolation and provide complete immunity to electromagnetic interference, magnetic fields, and high voltage (up to 500kV) due to their design; including no metallic electrical conductors between the measurement location and the instrument. This non-conductive design provides complete protection from ground loops, induced currents, transient voltages, and ignition sources while continuing to provide accurate temperature measurement when conventional RTD and thermocouple designs would not or would permit concerns to become a primary hazard in high voltage transformers, switchgear, generators, and MRI machines.

The Bragg wavelength is the light wavelength specifically reflected back from the fiber grating. A change in temperature or strain leads to a proportional shift of the Bragg wavelength, so it forms the basis for measurement.

FBG sensors have an accuracy of ±1.0°C. They provide approximately ±2 µε of strain accuracy. Fiber optic cables have high signal-to-noise ratio and can detect even the slightest variations in ambient conditions with high levels of sensitivity.

The Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor has a price point based on its channel configuration, amount of sensing points supported, temperature range and cable length. Tempsens have a competitive price offering that ranges from cost-effective single-point solutions up to full multi-channel networks designed for maximum value for all types of monitoring needs.

Thermal camera online systems have the capability to detect temperature anomalies that have been caused by electrical resistance, mechanical friction, or insulation degradation. These anomalies are detectable weeks or even months before physical symptoms become apparent. Through establishing baseline thermal signatures and monitoring for deviations from the baseline, maintenance teams can schedule maintenance actions during planned shutdowns and eliminate unplanned downtime when compared to similar systems without online thermal imaging.

LV (Low Voltage) cables operate at voltages of 1.1kV and below, and are generally used to wire buildings and supply electricity. MV (Medium Voltage) cables operate at voltages between 1kV and 35kV, and are typically used in distribution systems of electric utilities. HV (High Voltage) cables operate at voltages greater than 35kV, and are used for the transmission of electricity over long distances; they require specific insulation and design for improved performance under varying degrees of electrical stress.

A low-voltage power cable is composed of copper or tin plated copper (from 0.50 mm² to 300 mm²) as electrolytic grade conductors, core insulation made from either PVC, XLPE, or LSZH materials, a screen of either aluminium foil or mesh braid coverings used on the shielded variants, both the inner & outer sheaths protect the core from environmental damage; also available G.I. armour (metal-woven covering) for additional mechanical and impact resistance for difficult installations.

The various types that Tempsens uses include PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) for standard installations, XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) to withstand higher heat exposure (up to 90°C), HR PVC (Heat Resistant PVC), LSZH (Low Smoke and Zero Halogen) polymers for fire safety, FR PVC and FRLS PVC, which are flame retardant, along with PE (Polyethylene) or XLPO are used for some extreme applications that comply with IS & IEC Standards.

Industrial process furnaces (for example) are large-volume production-furnaces designed for high-volume production (up to 40,000 liters) and automatically control the amount of gas and or electric heat that runs through the furnace while laboratory or research & testing based furnaces, are small precision instruments used for research, test results, and testing of small batches materials with very specific temperature-control parameters.

Tempsens offers furnaces covering a wide range of temperature requirements, including laboratory furnaces (500°C–3000°C), industrial furnaces (250°C–3000°C), laboratory and industrial ovens (50°C–500°C), and microwave furnaces (250°C–3000°C), depending on the heating element and application requirements.

Platinum has a near linear and extremely stable resistance-temperature relationship and has low drift over time. Pt100 elements have a consistent accuracy, good repeatability and very good material stability over a wide range of temperatures (-200 °C to 850 °C), which makes them the international standard for reasonable accuracy for industrial temperature measurement.

The selection depends on system design:

• Pt100 is preferred for high-accuracy industrial systems using 3-wire or 4-wire configurations, where cable resistance can be compensated.
• Pt1000 is advantageous in 2-wire circuits, long cable runs, and battery-powered or low-power installations because the higher base resistance reduces the influence of lead resistance and lowers self-heating effects.

Both are accurate; the choice is driven by wiring configuration, allowable uncertainty, and installation constraints.

Base metal thermocouples are extremely popular in steel mills, cement kilns, chemical reactors, refineries, boilers, industrial furnaces and general process heating systems for their mission-critical temperature sensing, control and monitoring functionality.

To maintain optimal performance and longevity, process heaters need to be regularly maintained through the following procedures: inspecting resistance and insulation of the heating elements; checking the terminal connections; calibrating the temperature sensors; cleaning the control panel; and performing annual preventive maintenance according to both ASME and the hazardous area certifications.

Selecting a suitable heater for your process is dependent on a variety of factors such as the process fluid’s characteristics, how much heat (kW) is needed, what temperature/pressure you want to operate at, if your heater needs to be compatible with the materials being heated, what electrical supply you will have available, the type of installation environment, and what codes may be applicable. Tempsens can provide a custom designed heating solution to meet your exact requirements.

Common sheath materials include 304 and 316 stainless steel for corrosion resistance, INCOLOY for severe corrosive environments, copper for clean water applications, and titanium for highly corrosive chemical solutions. The heating element of the heat exchangers has nichrome (80/20) coils that utilize magnesium oxide insulation.

Over-the-side immersion heaters attach on top of tanks without requiring threaded openings, while screw plug heaters need threaded (NPT) fittings on tank walls. Over-the-side designs provide more heated length and coverage area, making them suitable for larger tanks.

Establish a schedule to routinely check for scale buildup on heating elements; ensure that the heating element is submerged sufficiently in the liquid; visually verify electrical connections; test the electrical insulation; and clean the outer surface of the heater sheath regularly to optimize heat transfer capability.

This unit is well suited for applications involving open-top tanks, vessels that have no access from the side walls, retrofitting existing systems, large container size, and processing systems operating at atmospheric pressure, storing petroleum products, handling chemicals and heating viscous fluids where draining the tank is not practical.

Over-the-side immersion heaters attach on top of tanks without requiring threaded openings, while screw plug heaters need threaded (NPT) fittings on tank walls. Over-the-side designs provide more heated length and coverage area, making them suitable for larger tanks.

Establish a schedule to routinely check for scale buildup on heating elements; ensure that the heating element is submerged sufficiently in the liquid; visually verify electrical connections; test the electrical insulation; and clean the outer surface of the heater sheath regularly to optimize heat transfer capability.

This unit is well suited for applications involving open-top tanks, vessels that have no access from the side walls, retrofitting existing systems, large container size, and processing systems operating at atmospheric pressure, storing petroleum products, handling chemicals and heating viscous fluids where draining the tank is not practical.

The operating temperature ranges for the various types of insulation are: alumina fibers can handle up to 1200°C; ceramic fibers can handle up to 800°C; fiberglass can handle up to 550°C; polyimides can handle about 310°C; PTFE and PFA cables can handle up to about 260°C; and silicone rubber has a maximum operating temperature of about 180°C.

The conductor materials for high temperature cables are selected from among annealed bare copper, tinned copper, silver plated copper, nickel plated copper, pure nickel, and NPC 27% alloy based on the temperature and performance of the application.

Operating temperature, voltage grade, conductor size, environmental factors, chemical exposure, degree of flexibility required and relevant standards must all be taken into consideration when selecting a high temperature cable. Refer to the manufacturer’s specifications for assistance in making the best selection.

A heat-resistant cable can endure continuous high-temperature service (between 200°C – 800°C) whereas Fire Resistant Cables keep circuit integrity during a fire at “normal” temperatures.

Tempsens cables are designed for continuous use and have a service life of more than 20+ years when installed correctly and within the rated parameters provided by IS 8130.

The flexibility depends on the type of insulation – the silicone and FEP have very high levels of flexibility, while the fiberglass and ceramic fiber will offer average flexibility based on the requirements of the application.

There are many different kinds of Signal Cables that come in two different styles: Armoured vs Unarmoured, screened vs unscreened, Pair vs Triad Configuration, Fire Resistant and LSZH Cables, F Type Cables (individual and overall screening), G Type Cables (overall screening) and Multi Pair Cables (from 1 Pair to 48 Pairs).

The testing of signal cables involves several different types of testing that include insulation resistance testing, conductor continuity/continuity testing, mutual capacitance (CC), ratio (R/L), and effectiveness of screening. Some aspects of professional testing include dielectric/high voltage testing, conductor resistance measurement at 20 degrees C. The amount of screening coverage can be verified and tested in NABL accredited laboratories.

In a Tempsens thermal profiling system, a thermograph records data about the temperature continuously and at the same time from multiple thermocouple sensors. The records of temperature with timestamps are stored in the memory of the SmarTrack 10 Data Logger. The temperature data is then analyzed and used to create a thermal profile.

In a Tempsens thermal profiling system, thermocouples generate a voltage that is proportional to the difference in temperature between their measurement junction and the reference junction. The SmarTrack 10 data logger uses this voltage to accurately convert it into a measured temperature with a resolution of 0.1°C within the specified measurement capacity of the thermocouple.

Triad cable for RTD applications has three cores twisted together, minimizing electromagnetic interference and maintaining balanced electrical characteristics between the three-wire configuration. This is necessary to balance lead wire resistance for measurement accuracy.

The RTD cable length limitation can be different depending on the wire size used, and the wiring configuration for the measurement circuit. Typically, the maximum distance for a standard installation would be around 300 meters when utilizing 20 – 22 AWG conductors in 3-wire configuration. For a 4-wire RTD connection the distance can be increased to 600 meters with no loss of accuracy.

FEP cable insulation has great chemical resistance, has a continuous operating range from -65°C to +200°C, retains excellent dielectric properties throughout its operating range, and is far more moisture resistant than standard polymer insulations.

FEP insulated cable provides almost identical chemical and thermal resistance properties of a PTFE insulated cable but is easier to process when extruded with conventional processes providing a more consistent wall thickness while also having enhanced mechanical properties at a much lower cost.

FEP cable can be installed as continuous operating at -65°C to +200°C, with the possibility for short excursions to 260°C. FEP cable is suitable for most industrial RTD applications – with the exception of the highest furnace and combustion monitoring applications.

PVC insulated cable will operate reliably from -40°C to +105°C for standard formulations of PVC insulated cable. For heat-resistant PVC compounds, the continuous operating temperature can be extended to 120°C for short durations. This temperature range is suitable for most ambient and moderate temperature RTD installations.

XLPE is cross-linked polyethylene insulated cables which provide greater temperature capability (up to 150°C continuous) than PVC insulated options and greatly improve aging resistance, but PVC insulated will be more cost-effective as a general use under temperature of 105°C.

Fiberglass insulated cable provides excellent abuse resistance with its woven glass fiber construction. Fiberglass insulated cables can provide resistance to mechanical stress, flexing, and contact with surfaces that would have damaged polymer insulations. This feature allows it to be used for furnace applications and in industrial environments with extreme temperature applications.

Use of an infrared thermometer to inspect the cable condition and occasional insulation resistance testing is usually adequate for MI heating cable because of the robust design and sealed construction.

Your MI cable will be installed directly on the surface using recommended mounting methods, covered with thermal insulation, and terminated using the special termination kits connecting the MI cable to the power supplies requiring temperature controls.

MC Cable is polymer-insulated and allows for electrical distribution; MI cable is a mineral-insulated heating cable, allowing installation in extreme temperature environments.

MI cables can withstand extreme temperatures, up to 1000°C; the cable is completely moisture proof, has better mechanical strength, has a small outer diameter, which allows for better heat distribution, and can be utilised in hazardous locations.

Installation must account for minimum bending radius (6-8 times cable diameter), use of fire resistant/cable retention fixings, adequate segregation away from other cables, fire rated terminations with cable duration rating, and qualified installation per BS 7671 regulation in order not to compromise fire survival integrity.

An air heater operates by passing air over electrically charged resistance components that use convection to distribute heat.

Warm air heating provides rapid, uniform heat distribution, high efficiency, and precise temperature control.

Yes—fine tolerance die cutting and CNC machining allows for practically any 2D geometric shape including multi-contour, internal cuts, notches, and irregular shaped, with consistent tolerances to ±0.5 mm for precise fitting that does not require modifications in the field.

The vulcanized silicone construction provides natural and inherent resistance to moisture (IP67/IP68 rating), oil, weak acids/bases, ozone, UV and extremes of temperature to make these heaters suitable for outdoor enclosures, washdown, and hazardous chemical processing environments for a verified rated service life of >10,000 hours.

When making low-level signal measurements (nanoamp to picoamp), when performing electrochemistry, when making capacitance measurements, or when there are ground loops that cause interference where normal coaxial cable shields do not eliminate.

Both types of cables can operate over similar distances; however, triaxial cables will provide a superior level of signal integrity when used in electrically noisy areas and will experience lower capacitance loading effects because of their better common mode rejection capabilities compared to coaxial cables at longer distances.

Yes, triaxial cables generally have a higher price than coaxial through additional layers of conductors, insulators, and complex manufacturing equipment required to produce them. However, if you are utilizing precision instrumentation applications, the pricing is justifiable because of the increased performance that they provide.

Coaxial cables transmit both AC and DC signals. Tempsens mineral insulated coaxial cables are rated for DC applications and AC frequencies from near-DC to several GHz depending on construction and impedance specifications.

Standard types include RG-series flexible cables, semi-rigid cables, and hardline cables. Tempsens specializes in mineral insulated metal sheathed coaxial cables offering superior performance in extreme temperature and harsh environment applications.

Triaxial cable is a key component of electrometer-based measurement applications configured using triaxial cable. It is also used for measuring picoampere currents, capacitance measurements, and for electrochemical testing applications because it can prevent ground loop interference and leakage currents.

The word “coaxial cable” is sometimes known as “coax”. Mineral-insulated coaxial cable has been referred to by other names such as MI coax; and MIMS (mineral-insulated metal-sheathed coaxial cable) in more specialized applications.

By initiating radioactive decay of the emitter material in the reactor’s core, neutrons create an electric current proportional to the neutron flux; therefore, there is no external power supply required.

SPNDs feature a compact design, are self-powered and stable under extreme reactor conditions, and provide linear and reproducible flux signals in real time for reactor regulation, as well as for precise flux mapping applications.

The selection of an MI heating cable depends on many parameters, which include the operating temperature, required heat output, available voltage, compatibility with the sheath material, and hazardous area classification. Tempsens’ engineers will analyse these parameters and help you choose the best specifications.

Use of an infrared thermometer to inspect the cable condition and occasional insulation resistance testing is usually adequate for MI heating cable because of the robust design and sealed construction.

Your MI cable will be installed directly on the surface using recommended mounting methods, covered with thermal insulation, and terminated using the special termination kits connecting the MI cable to the power supplies requiring temperature controls.

MC Cable is polymer-insulated and allows for electrical distribution; MI cable is a mineral-insulated heating cable, allowing installation in extreme temperature environments.

MI cables can withstand extreme temperatures, up to 1000°C; the cable is completely moisture proof, has better mechanical strength, has a small outer diameter, which allows for better heat distribution, and can be utilised in hazardous locations.

Temperature limits depend on sheath material: SS316L/Inconel 600 to 800°C, SS446 to 1150°C, Pt10%Rh to 1300°C.

Resistance is maintained above 100 MΩ with high-purity MgO (≥99.4%) owing to its compressed crystalline structure as warranted by ASTM E839 testing.

Yes, bend radius must be a minimum of 2x the diameter; exposed ends must be resealed against moisture ingress immediately.

Metal sheathing provides mechanical protection and seals from environmental influences; MgO insulation electrically separates the conductors.

Yes, all thermocouple cables are provided with certificates with EMF values tested in accordance with ANSI MC 96.1; IEC 584-2; and ASTM E230.

MIMS cables should be stored in dry environments and factory end seals should remain intact, if a cut ends occurs then resealed immediately to protect hygroscopic MgO from moisture penetration.

The temperature is determined due to infrared radiation emitted from a surface converted to electrical signal temperature measures without coming into contact with the part. Such infrared methods are typically ideal for hot, moving, or hard-to-reach objects.

Boilers, rotary kilns, reheat furnaces, cement kilns, glass furnaces, and or other combustion chambers.

Some models include infrared to monitor temperature distribution.

Yes. The air purge continuously cleans the viewing area.

LV cables generally work with identifiers from voltages of 50V to 1100V (1.1 kV); specifically, Tempsens control cables are built for a continuous rating of 1100 V as determined by the IEC 60502-1 and IS 1554 standards.

Choosing LV cable size requires calculations of the load current (using I = P/V), applying derating factors based on ambient temperature and installation method, identifying a permissible voltage drop (as a percent of the system voltage) that meets the voltage drop limits (which in practice means, it’s usually limited to below 3-5%). It’s also necessary to check a cable’s ability to withstand short circuit events, reference IEC 60228 conductor standards.

The minimum distance between HV and LV cables is commonly specified to be greater than 300 mm for unscreened cables or greater than 150 mm with a physical barrier present. All individual installations must ensure those minimum separations (or applicable separation distances) conform to local electrical codes as well as IEEE and IEC segregation guidelines to minimize interference concerns, and any overall safety concerns. 

Thermocouple cables can reach lengths of 300-500 meters depending on the gauge of wire and the electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the environment; anything beyond that, it is recommended to utilize signal amplifiers or signal transmitters to prevent noise related errors and to maintain an accurate measurement.

The temperature rating of the thermocouple cable varies based on insulation type.  PVC insulation can be rated in the range of -20°C to +105°C, while fiberglass braided cable can be continuous up to 400°C. Silicone rubber feeling can maintain -60 Celsius to +180 °C, while Teflon insulation can operate applications down to -200 Celsius to up to 260 Celsius.

Brass is fine for non-corrosive water and air. Select SS316 wetted parts for chemical service or saltwater. The sealed diaphragm with PTFE coating protects against aggressive or sanitary media.

Considerations include process temperature range, ambient temperature, required stem immersion, mounting orientation (bottom/back/every angle), type of process connection threads (BSP/NPT), accuracy class, and whether sanitary, explosion-proof, or thermo-well protection is required depending on the installation.

Bimetallic thermometers have standard ranges of -40°C to 600°C with an accuracy of Class 1; gas or liquid expansion thermometers have capabilities beyond up to 600°C (following the choice of the nominal ranges based on process operating temperatures, required scale resolution (i.e., 1°C to 10°C separation), and the measuring range versus nominal span placing as prescribed by EN13190).

Periodic visual inspection, such as examining the clarity of the dial and pointer movement, checking for stem integrity, checking for thermo-well condition (when installed), checking for the process connection to be tight, and checking in the zero-point all provide reliable in-service for a longer period; glycerin-filled gauges need inspection for fluid loss indicating the seal is beginning to lose its integrity.

Nickel alloys are applied in heaters, thermocouples, aerospace, chemical industry, and marine environments for their resistance to heat and corrosion.

Thermal camera online systems have the capability to detect temperature anomalies that have been caused by electrical resistance, mechanical friction, or insulation degradation. These anomalies are detectable weeks or even months before physical symptoms become apparent. Through establishing baseline thermal signatures and monitoring for deviations from the baseline, maintenance teams can schedule maintenance actions during planned shutdowns and eliminate unplanned downtime when compared to similar systems without online thermal imaging.

Thermal imaging gives a clear view of the coldness or hotness of any object. A thermal image is a picture that shows the temperature of objects in the scene instead of how they look to the naked eye.

A thermal imager works by detecting infrared radiation (heat) emitted from objects and converting it into a visual image called a thermogram. Each pixel in the image represents a temperature point, allowing users to “see” heat patterns and identify temperature differences instantly—even in complete darkness or through smoke.

Infrared sensors are the core part of the thermal camera that detect heat emitted or reflected by objects. The sensor captures the heat, and the camera system interprets and displays it in a usable form. To be precise, a thermal camera is a sophisticated sensor system designed to visualize temperature — far beyond just measuring it.

An “Online” Thermal Camera refers to a networked device to stream or transmit footage remotely.
A CCTV camera sees light; a thermal camera captures heat. Instead of detecting visible light, it senses infrared radiation and converts it into an image.

A thermal imager, also referred to as an infrared camera, is a device that detects infrared radiation emitted by objects and converts it into an electronic image, known as a thermogram, which accurately represents the surface temperature distribution of the measured object.

• Furnace monitoring (steel, glass, cement etc.)
• Electrical inspections (substations, switchyards)
• Mechanical inspections (motors, bearings, conveyors)
• Refractory lining condition
• Early Fire detection in coal yards, storage areas
• Process control in manufacturing and many more…

– Security & Surveillance

– Industrial Monitoring

– Firefighting

– Medical & Veterinary

– Search and Rescue

– Building Inspection

– Resolution

– Frame rate

– Area to be covered (FOV)

– Temperature range

– Connectivity

– Software Integration

• An infrared camera functions by detecting infrared radiation (IR), which is a type of electromagnetic radiation emitted by all objects based on their temperature. 

  The identified IR radiation is transformed into electrical signals, which are then converted into a thermographic camera image, with various temperatures shown by distinct colors or shades.

• Thermal monitoring systems are an effective way to identify issues in industrial environments before they develop into problems. Continuous heat monitoring can enable insightful process optimization, timely preventative maintenance, and rapid identification of hazardous issues.

• Predictive maintenance is the technique or a proactive maintenance strategy that involves monitoring the real-time condition and performance of equipment to predict when a failure is likely to occur. It is generally used to detect various deterioration signs, anomalies, and equipment performance issues. According to the current situation, the company can predict when the instrument might fail and plan a necessary course of action.

Tempsens high-quality wireless temperature sensors use LoRa spread spectrum modulation that allows for better signal penetration in industrial settings with longer ranges than conventional Bluetooth temperature sensors that operate on short-range communication.

You will find wireless temperature monitoring systems in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, food processing, HVAC, cold chain logistics, data centers, and process industries which serve as systems for industrial temperature sensors for precision of application.

Brass is fine for non-corrosive water and air. Select SS316 wetted parts for chemical service or saltwater. The sealed diaphragm with PTFE coating protects against aggressive or sanitary media.

A temperature gauge provides the reading in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K) scales, including dual scale options when the application requires an absolute display °C/°F on a single dial.

Considerations include process temperature range, ambient temperature, required stem immersion, mounting orientation (bottom/back/every angle), type of process connection threads (BSP/NPT), accuracy class, and whether sanitary, explosion-proof, or thermo-well protection is required depending on the installation.

Bimetallic thermometers have standard ranges of -40°C to 600°C with an accuracy of Class 1; gas or liquid expansion thermometers have capabilities beyond up to 600°C (following the choice of the nominal ranges based on process operating temperatures, required scale resolution (i.e., 1°C to 10°C separation), and the measuring range versus nominal span placing as prescribed by EN13190).

Periodic visual inspection, such as examining the clarity of the dial and pointer movement, checking for stem integrity, checking for thermo-well condition (when installed), checking for the process connection to be tight, and checking in the zero-point all provide reliable in-service for a longer period; glycerin-filled gauges need inspection for fluid loss indicating the seal is beginning to lose its integrity.

Yes! There are specific requirements for each industry, from sanitary tri-clover connections for food processing to NACE certified material for sour gas applications. We build gauges industry-specific.

Most Tempsens gauges require little to no maintenance given their robust SS316/304 construction; periodic calibration checks, and seal inspections would be required to ensure ongoing accuracy and reliability.

Analyze your process medium, pressure/temperature range, accuracy required, environmental conditions, and connection specifications – our technical team would aid you for the best choices.

Yes, our temperature gauges range from -40°C to 600°C depending on model, with specialized versions for extreme high temperature applications.

All Tempsens gauges ship with factory calibration certificates, and we can provide recalibration services for on-going measurement traceability throughout the instrument lifecycle.

No spills, no contamination, faster stabilization, and field portability make it a more efficient tool.

Yes, Tempsens dry block calibrator models support multiple probe types and sizes via custom inserts.

Absolutely. Every calibrator is supplied with NABL traceable certificates and optional ISO 17025.

Yes. Tempsens offers dry blocks starting from –180°C to high-temp ranges upto 1700°C.

Yes, Tempsens the dry block temperature calibrator PDF is available for every model.

It depends on usage, but most industries recalibrate their sensors annually or semi-annually.

Tempsens advanced control systems automatically sense and respond to outdoor and indoor conditions, delivering just the right amount of heat for both mild and extreme environments—always maximizing energy efficiency.

Key benefits include: lower energy bills, improved family comfort and safety, reduced maintenance and repair costs, and better protection for your home and belongings compared to old-fashioned heating methods.

To maintain smooth flow of ashes, eliminates caking, and prevents buildup of fly ash discharge equipment; ensures smooth operation of the Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP).

If you can verify operating temperatures and electrical connections are functioning correctly according to what the manufacturer lists, then your hopper heater is more likely to last longer without requiring unplanned maintenance work.

Bobbin immersion heaters have resistance wire wrapped around ceramic insulators that are partially out of the casing for a better transfer of heat. Tubular heaters encase the entire heating element in a steel sleeve with no direct contact to the outside air; therefore, bobbin heaters are typically better for radiant tube applications and radiators used in furnace applications.

Yes, the Ceramic bobbin heater is specifically manufactured and produces the most efficient heat output in the furnace at maximum temperatures of 600° Celsius and is designed to withstand extremely high temperatures, up to 1200° Celsius, without breaking down. Its ceramic construction coupled with insulative properties provides the Ceramic Bobbin Heater with maximum performance longevity within a furnace system.

The maximum watt density for bobbin heaters is as high as 10 Watts/cm².  The sheath material could be nickel-plated mild steel, stainless steel (SS grade), Inconel, or Incoloy based on the operating temperature and corrosive environment requirements of the application.

Our furnace heaters cover the full spectrum, from ambient up to 1600°C. Standard heaters reach up to 1100°C, while our silicon carbide and molybdenum disilicide elements are designed for the most demanding high-temperature applications up to 1600°C.

It comes down to understanding your process: operating temperature, atmosphere, power requirements, and furnace geometry. Tempsens’ technical team works with you to recommend a solution tailored to your exact needs—every step of the way

Routine visual inspections of heating elements and connections are key. Maintenance schedules depend on your specific heater and process conditions. Tempsens provides clear, practical guidelines with every installation to ensure safe, efficient, and long-lasting performance.

Chemical processing, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, food processing, power generation, and manufacturing industries rely on heat tracing products for freeze protection and process temperature control. Any facility requiring precise temperature maintenance or protection from thermal extremes benefits from properly engineered heat trace systems.

Modern heat trace systems require minimal maintenance with periodic visual inspections and annual electrical testing of insulation resistance and continuity. Tempsens systems include comprehensive accessories like termination kits, junction boxes, and control panels to ensure reliable long-term operation with minimal service requirements.

Mica strip heaters are built with a stainless-steel protection that prevents corrosion, however these types of heaters should not come into direct contact with water (e.g., be submerged). A Terminal Box accessory would be a great way to protect electrical connections from any dripping or overflow in a potentially wet environment.

Wattage is calculated based on the surface area to be heated, the required temperature rise, and heat-up time. The mica strip heating element supports up to 28 W/in² maximum watt density. For custom wattage calculations, contact the Tempsens factory with your application details.

A hopper is a funnel-shaped container used to collect, store, and channel bulk materials such as coal, ash, or grain into processing or conveying systems in power plants, mining sites, and industrial facilities.

To maintain smooth flow of ashes, eliminates caking, and prevents buildup of fly ash discharge equipment; ensures smooth operation of the Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP).

If you can verify operating temperatures and electrical connections are functioning correctly according to what the manufacturer lists, then your hopper heater is more likely to last longer without requiring unplanned maintenance work.

Tempsens box furnace has NABL approved thermocouples to ensure measurement accuracy and compliance with regulatory requirements. The safety features of the furnace include an overheat protection controller, microprocessor controlled temperature management system, door limit switch, and automatic shutdown; these features work together to ensure the furnace operates safely, and meets all standards for industry compliance.

Yes. Tempsens is a box furnace manufacturer that allows for several different customization options, including gas purging for Ar, N2, O2, H2, CO etc. The ability to integrate a vacuum pump for heat treatment. It also has the option to use programmable PID controllers with RS232/RS-485/Ethernet data logging, and custom internal dimensions.

The industrial box furnace maintains uniform heating with the help of heating elements which are positioned on the sides of the furnace chamber. Microprocessor-based PID controllers continuously monitor and adjust power output via thyristor or SSR units. NABL-certified thermocouples offer precise temperature feedback to eliminate hot spots and thermal gradients inside the heating chamber.

Temperature capability for box furnaces: 900 – 1800°C based on type of heating element. NiCr elements are used in the CF-900 and the CF-1600 and CF-1800 use MoSi₂ elements. The broad temperature range is ideal for many different applications, from simple heat treatment processes to more advanced sintering of materials and glass melting.

Tempsens box furnace is equipped with either refractory brick or lightweight ceramic fiber board insulation. The heating elements are positioned on chamber sides ensuring uniform temperature distribution. For temperatures up to 1600°C & 1800°C, MoSi₂ elements are used, while lower models utilize FeCrAl or SiC elements.

Yes, definitely. Tempsens can provide customized bottom loading furnaces that can be configured to fit your particular industrial application. Some of the options TempSens may include are: Gas/vacuum purging, Datalogging Software, and Ethernet connectivity.

Yes, because of the insulated work platform and the DC motor lift mechanism that provides stability to the work platform throughout the programmed temperature range, there will be very little variation in temperature throughout the cycle.

The industrial bottom-loading furnace utilizes high-efficiency heating elements (SiC, FeCrAl, MoSi2) at operating temperatures of 1200C, 1400C, and 1800C, which are configured for these temperature profiles. The BLF-I can also produce a heated load cycle.

Bottom loading contributes to temperature uniformity by providing strategically placed heating elements, multiple layers of insulation that allow for diffuse thermal distribution and no thermal gradient that would adversely affect material quality.

Bottom loading reduces the amount of vibration experienced during material handling; making it the best approach to handling brittle ceramics and delicate glass components that need as little mechanical disturbance as possible.

There are many factors that influence the thermal capacity required for your application such as the desired target temperature; volume of fluid to be heated; acceptable heating time; and ambient conditions where the heating skid is located. Our technical group performs detailed heat loss calculations based on these specific parameters in your process to arrive at the correct thermal capacity. We manufacture heating skids with capacities suitable for both pilot projects and large-scale industrial applications.

Once a heating skid is properly engineered for your application’s requirements, it will accommodate the specified temperature range which in most cases is typically an ambient inlet temperature up to approximately 300° C or greater for specialty thermal oil service. When we engineer systems we take into account many factors including the thermal properties of the fluid being heated, limitations of the pressure vessel materials and also applicable safety margins.

The maximum operating pressure of the heating skid is determined by the design parameters of the unit’s components (vessel material, wall thickness, and design specifications). Standard heating systems are designed to operate between 10 and 25 Bar (150 – 360 psi). In addition to standard heating systems there are also custom-designed systems that can operate at higher than standard operating pressures. All skid loader heater meet ASME Section VIII and the European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) and use appropriate safety factors.

Yes, every heating skid is custom built based on your application process to meet your installation requirements. Examples include different piping configurations, different materials, different types of sensors, and different control logic. Our flexible designs allow for compatibility to your existing facilities.

Every system adheres to ISO 9001-2015 quality standards, ASME Section VIII pressure vessel requirements, and applicable electrical codes. We gladly accommodate additional standards specific to your industry or jurisdiction.

Bobbin immersion heaters have resistance wire wrapped around ceramic insulators that are partially out of the casing for a better transfer of heat. Tubular heaters encase the entire heating element in a steel sleeve with no direct contact to the outside air; therefore, bobbin heaters are typically better for radiant tube applications and radiators used in furnace applications.

Yes, the Ceramic bobbin heater is specifically manufactured and produces the most efficient heat output in the furnace at maximum temperatures of 600° Celsius and is designed to withstand extremely high temperatures, up to 1200° Celsius, without breaking down. Its ceramic construction coupled with insulative properties provides the Ceramic Bobbin Heater with maximum performance longevity within a furnace system.

The maximum watt density for bobbin heaters is as high as 10 Watts/cm².  The sheath material could be nickel-plated mild steel, stainless steel (SS grade), Inconel, or Incoloy based on the operating temperature and corrosive environment requirements of the application.

Main types of furnace include muffle furnaces, high-temperature furnaces, tubular furnaces, bottom loading furnaces, vacuum furnaces, electric ovens, annealing furnaces, chamber furnaces, bogie hearth furnaces, and microwave furnaces for diverse laboratory and industrial applications.

Industrial process furnaces (for example) are large-volume production-furnaces designed for high-volume production (up to 40,000 liters) and automatically control the amount of gas and or electric heat that runs through the furnace while laboratory or research & testing based furnaces, are small precision instruments used for research, test results, and testing of small batches materials with very specific temperature-control parameters.

Tempsens offers furnaces covering a wide range of temperature requirements, including laboratory furnaces (500°C–3000°C), industrial furnaces (250°C–3000°C), laboratory and industrial ovens (50°C–500°C), and microwave furnaces (250°C–3000°C), depending on the heating element and application requirements.

Tempsens Process Heaters are designed with: Tube-type Heating Elements, Heater Flange, Terminal Enclosure & Baffle Cage Assembly, Temperature Sensors, ASME Certified Pressure Vessel and thyristor control panel for power management and safety functionality.

To maintain optimal performance and longevity, process heaters need to be regularly maintained through the following procedures: inspecting resistance and insulation of the heating elements; checking the terminal connections; calibrating the temperature sensors; cleaning the control panel; and performing annual preventive maintenance according to both ASME and the hazardous area certifications.

Selecting a suitable heater for your process is dependent on a variety of factors such as the process fluid’s characteristics, how much heat (kW) is needed, what temperature/pressure you want to operate at, if your heater needs to be compatible with the materials being heated, what electrical supply you will have available, the type of installation environment, and what codes may be applicable. Tempsens can provide a custom designed heating solution to meet your exact requirements.

Common sheath materials include 304 and 316 stainless steel for corrosion resistance, INCOLOY for severe corrosive environments, copper for clean water applications, and titanium for highly corrosive chemical solutions. The heating element of the heat exchangers has nichrome (80/20) coils that utilize magnesium oxide insulation.

Over-the-side immersion heaters attach on top of tanks without requiring threaded openings, while screw plug heaters need threaded (NPT) fittings on tank walls. Over-the-side designs provide more heated length and coverage area, making them suitable for larger tanks.

Establish a schedule to routinely check for scale buildup on heating elements; ensure that the heating element is submerged sufficiently in the liquid; visually verify electrical connections; test the electrical insulation; and clean the outer surface of the heater sheath regularly to optimize heat transfer capability.

This unit is well suited for applications involving open-top tanks, vessels that have no access from the side walls, retrofitting existing systems, large container size, and processing systems operating at atmospheric pressure, storing petroleum products, handling chemicals and heating viscous fluids where draining the tank is not practical.

Air heaters are used to heat indoor spaces, industrial processes, and dry materials in settings like homes, factories, and laboratories.

An air heater operates by passing air over electrically charged resistance components that use convection to distribute heat.

Warm air heating provides rapid, uniform heat distribution, high efficiency, and precise temperature control.

High-temperature silicone elastomers are continuously effective mechanically and electrically from -60°C to +200°C, whilst some special-grade silicone is certified suitable for intermittent exposures to +260°C and longer service life for automotive, food, and medical applications.

Yes—fine tolerance die cutting and CNC machining allows for practically any 2D geometric shape including multi-contour, internal cuts, notches, and irregular shaped, with consistent tolerances to ±0.5 mm for precise fitting that does not require modifications in the field.

The vulcanized silicone construction provides natural and inherent resistance to moisture (IP67/IP68 rating), oil, weak acids/bases, ozone, UV and extremes of temperature to make these heaters suitable for outdoor enclosures, washdown, and hazardous chemical processing environments for a verified rated service life of >10,000 hours.

Tempsens Comfort Heating Solutions are trusted in every kind of residential setting where temperature precision or freeze protection is essential for comfort, safety, and protecting your home investment.

Tempsens advanced control systems automatically sense and respond to outdoor and indoor conditions, delivering just the right amount of heat for both mild and extreme environments—always maximizing energy efficiency.

Key benefits include: lower energy bills, improved family comfort and safety, reduced maintenance and repair costs, and better protection for your home and belongings compared to old-fashioned heating methods.

Our furnace heaters cover the full spectrum, from ambient up to 1600°C. Standard heaters reach up to 1100°C, while our silicon carbide and molybdenum disilicide elements are designed for the most demanding high-temperature applications up to 1600°C.

It comes down to understanding your process: operating temperature, atmosphere, power requirements, and furnace geometry. Tempsens’ technical team works with you to recommend a solution tailored to your exact needs—every step of the way

Routine visual inspections of heating elements and connections are key. Maintenance schedules depend on your specific heater and process conditions. Tempsens provides clear, practical guidelines with every installation to ensure safe, efficient, and long-lasting performance.

Industrial electric heaters utilize electrical power for heat generation, providing accurate control, reduced maintenance, and zero emissions. Gas heaters involve combustion and are commonly appropriate for larger-scale or open spaces but need ventilation and increased safety measures.

Industrial heating elements are used to heat liquids, gases, solids, or surfaces in a variety of industries, including oil and gas, chemical, pharmaceutical, power, and food processing. Applications include tank heating, pipeline tracking, furnace operations, and drying systems

Yes, Tempsens can develop unique industrial heating elements to fulfill special process needs, temperature ranges, mounting requirements, and environmental exposures — with the highest performance and safety.

Choose according to process temperature, medium (liquid/gas), environment (hazardous/safe), kind of heater (immersion, duct, circulation), wattage, and material compatibility. Taking professional help from industrial heaters manufacturers such as Tempsens assures the perfect fit.

Heat flow refers to total thermal energy exchange between systems, while heat flux measures energy transfer rate per unit area.

Sensor options – Gardon Gauge or Schmidt-Boelter: Choose Gardon Gauge for high heat flux range (5-5000 W/cm²). Select Schmidt-Boelter for lower heat flux ranges (1-5 W/cm²).
Cooling options: Water cooling is recommended for measurements above 5 W/cm² lasting more than 5 minutes, or when sensor body temperature may exceed 200°C.

Uncooled sensors are suitable for brief measurements or lower heat flux levels. Water-cooled versions enable continuous operation at higher heat flux levels without time limits.

Our sensors provide ±3% to ±5% accuracy depending on the model, with repeatability of 2%.

All sensors provide 10mV linear output at full scale range with infinite resolution, requiring no external power supply.

Standard sensors measure total heat flux (radiation + convection). Radiometer versions with windows measure radiation only.

It depends on usage conditions. We recommend annual calibration for critical applications or after exposure to extreme conditions.

All sensors include manufacturer calibration certificates. ISO standard calibrations are available upon request.

Silicone oils or alcohols based on the temperature range — we include recommendations and compatible fluids with each unit. 

RTDs, and thermocouples can be calibrated in the liquid bath temperature calibrator.

Tempsens provides benchtop and portable liquid bath calibrator models with applications in the field and lab.

Constant agitation, profound immersion, and thermal equilibrium guarantee consistent and stable temperature areas for accurate calibration.

The Tempsens DTSenz Distributed Temperature sensing system has a temperature range that is standard from -20°C to +120°C, with specialized cables capable of operating outside of this range as well. The accuracy of the system is ±2°C over the maximum 16 km sensing distance, with a measurement time of 5 seconds. The temperature resolution is 0.1°C, which allows for low thermal deviation. Additionally, the position accuracy of ±0.5 meter provides for a precise location of any temperature variations along the monitored asset.

Fluorescence decay time measures the exponential time constant characterizing how rapidly fluorescent emission intensity decreases after excitation pulse termination. The FluoroSenz system measures this decay time with microsecond precision using advanced signal processing and converts it to absolute temperature through pre-established calibration curves specific to the rare-earth fluorescent material, providing measurements independent of fiber bending losses or connector degradation.

The FluoroSenz fluorescence fibre optic temperature sensor system is capable of reading temperatures between -40°C to 260°C with an accuracy of ±1°C and a resolution of 0.1°C throughout its entire operating range. The PTFE (Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene) sheath for the three-millimetre diameter sensing cables provides reliability in temperature ranges of -20°C to 65°C with consistent performance across all operating temperatures.

Fluoroptic temperature sensors (thermometers) are designed to provide complete galvanic isolation and provide complete immunity to electromagnetic interference, magnetic fields, and high voltage (up to 500kV) due to their design; including no metallic electrical conductors between the measurement location and the instrument. This non-conductive design provides complete protection from ground loops, induced currents, transient voltages, and ignition sources while continuing to provide accurate temperature measurement when conventional RTD and thermocouple designs would not or would permit concerns to become a primary hazard in high voltage transformers, switchgear, generators, and MRI machines.

The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) provides accurate readings of temperature, strain (both dynamic and static), vibration, pressure, and acceleration over a wide range (-20°C – 900°C). The unique characteristic of the FBG sensor is its ability to function as a multi-parametric monitoring device from a single fiber optic network by measuring the wavelength shift.

The Bragg wavelength is the light wavelength specifically reflected back from the fiber grating. A change in temperature or strain leads to a proportional shift of the Bragg wavelength, so it forms the basis for measurement.

FBG sensors have an accuracy of ±1.0°C. They provide approximately ±2 µε of strain accuracy. Fiber optic cables have high signal-to-noise ratio and can detect even the slightest variations in ambient conditions with high levels of sensitivity.

The Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor has a price point based on its channel configuration, amount of sensing points supported, temperature range and cable length. Tempsens have a competitive price offering that ranges from cost-effective single-point solutions up to full multi-channel networks designed for maximum value for all types of monitoring needs.

Fiber optic sensors are primarily used in temperature monitoring applications where traditional sensors are ineffective, particularly in environments with high electromagnetic interference, elevated voltages, or limited accessibility.

Optical sensors operate by detecting variations in the properties of light—such as wavelength shifts (in FBG sensors) or fluorescence decay time—caused by changes in surrounding physical parameters like temperature or strain.

Fiber optic sensors offer superior immunity to EMI, higher accuracy, faster response time, and long-term stability compared to conventional electrical sensors.

• Set the cavity temperature, align the infrared sensor to the aperture, and compare readings with a reference standard. Based on the deviation, adjust the sensor output.

• Prices vary based on temperature range, features, and application depending on your industry. Contact Tempsens experts for the quote and let us help you with the best black body calibrators tailored for you.

• A black body is used to measure and calibrate non-contact temperature devices, including pyrometers, thermal imagers, and IR thermometers by providing a uniform radiation source.

A thermowell is a cover that shields a temperature sensor from the process fluid. It allows for sensor insertion/removal in a safe manner while ensuring process integrity and pressure sealing.

Selecting the right Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) depends on several factors, including process pressure, temperature range, flow velocity, insertion length, tip profile, and compatibility between the sensor and process connection.

Protection tubes shield RTDs or thermocouples from corrosion, pressure, and mechanical stress. They are installed in the process medium with the sensor remaining replaceable.

Metallic sheaths (e.g., SS, Inconel) provide high strength and corrosion protection. Non-metallic sheaths such as ceramics are used for high-temp and chemically aggressive media.

Ceramic sheaths withstand extreme temperatures and chemical attack, suitably being used for molten metals, glass, and furnace applications.

• Metallic tubes are fabricated or machined from SS, Inconel, or Monel and offer strong protection in high-velocity or high-pressure fluid systems.

• Threaded, flanged, socket weld, and Van Stone are popular, with varying advantages in installation, maintenance, and strength.

• Fabricated thermowells consist of several pieces that are welded together, ideal for low to moderate process conditions, and provide economical protection.

• Barstock thermowells are machine-turned from solid metal bars, offering exceptional mechanical strength and toughness for high-stress applications.

• Van Stone thermowells are made from a single bar with a slip-on flange, with a leak-free seal without having to weld the flange.

• Typical tip profiles are straight, tapered, stepped, and helical—each one suited to optimize response time, strength, and flow resistance.

• Thermowells are composed of a stem (shank), tip (sensing end), and process connection. They’re built to house sensors while withstanding process conditions.

• Shank construction is the shape of the stem (straight, stepped, or tapered), which influences strength and response time of the sensor.

• Types of Flange are raised face (RF), flat face (FF), and ring-type joint (RTJ), depending on pressure rating and sealing surface.

• Welding types are full penetration welds, fillet welds, and socket welds, each of which is qualified for strength and leak-tight performance.

• WPS specifies the way welding is done; PQR checks it through testing. Both ensure welds are safe and of quality.

• Special coatings such as PTFE, ceramic, or carbide resist corrosion, scaling, and abrasion in tough environments.

• Normal tests involve hydrostatic pressure tests, dye penetrant examination, radiography, material testing, and dimensional inspection.

• This checks chemical composition and mechanical properties to guarantee ASTM or ASME conformity.

• It verifies all important dimensions such as insertion length, bore, and flange alignment according to drawing specifications.

• This test places high fluid pressure on the thermowell to verify its seal and structural strength.

• DPI is a non-destructive inspection that identifies surface cracks or welding flaws by using a fluorescent or visible dye.

• Radiographic examination employs X-rays or gamma radiation to identify internal flaws or discontinuities in welds and wall thickness.

• Frequency limits, as specified by ASME PTC 19.3 TW-2010, forestall resonance and vibration-induced failure due to flow-induced turbulence.
  

• Stress on the thermowell is minimized at low velocity, enabling longer insert lengths or weaker profiles.
  

• Select the thermowell material according to the temperature range and the environment (corrosive, oxidizing etc.) in which it is to be used.
  • These wells can be made from different materials like SS304, SS316, HRS446, Inconel, Monel, Ceramic, etc.
• According to the construction of Thermowell (Steeped Shank, Straight Shank, Tapered Shank)
  • Steeped Shank- Provide faster response time and lower drag force.
  • Straight Shank- Extremely strong, but response time is slower and drag force on the fluid flow is high.
  • Tapered Shank- Provide good response time and strength.
• Thermowell Insertion Length
  • For best temperature measurement accuracy, the “U” dimension should be long enough to permit the entire temperature-sensitive part of the measuring instrument to project into the medium being measured.
    Liquid temperature measurement: One inch or greater.
    Gas temperature measurement:- three inches or greater.
• Resistance to vibration.
  • Fluid flowing past the well forms a turbulent wake (the Von Karman Trail), which has a definite frequency based on the diameter of the well and the velocity of the fluid.
  • The thermowell must have sufficient stiffness so that the wake frequency will never equal the natural frequency of the thermowell itself. If the natural frequency of the well were to coincide with the wake frequency, the well would vibrate to destruction and break off.
• To avoid the Thermowell failures caused by excessive pressure, drag forces, high temperature, corrosion, vibrations, it is recommended to run thermowell calculations based on your applications:
  • Maximum or operating temperature
  • Maximum or operating pressure
  • Fluid(gas or liquid) velocity
  • Fluid Density.

• Accessories comprise compression fittings, bushings, thermocouple connectors, gaskets, and support collars for installation and sealing.

In India, digital linear heat sensing cable price vary based upon specifications and the length of a cable. Please send your project details (zone size / ambient temperature/installation environment) to our sales team in order to receive a quote based on your project requirments and needs.

The Solar DC cable is a special single core copper conductor designed to transfer DC current directly to the PV system. These are made from annealed tinned copper conductor with cross linked insulation.

Based on installation distance and current specifications, choosing a right size for the solar panel’s DC cable is critical. The sizing chart contains wire sizes from 1.5 square millimeters (19 Amps) for small scale residential applications up to 240 square millimeters (520 Amps) for commercial use; typical wire sizes would be 4 square millimeters (42 Amps), 6 square millimeters (52 Amps), 10 sqmm (76 Amps) or 16 sqmm (95 Amps), depending on the number of panels and their capability.

The price of DC solar cables will depend on the size of the conductors, the type of insulation used, and how many cables are ordered. The actual pricing will be affected by the cross-sectional area of the conductors, which can range from 1.5 to 240 sq.mm, the specifications used to build each conductor (e.g., tinned copper, LSZH/XLPO insulation), and other standards that must meet BS EN 50618: 2014. You can also contact Tempsens for competitive quotations based on the unique specifications of your solar photovoltaic cable.

Lead wire provides connectivity between instrumentation(thermistors, resistors) and electrical components(LED, heaters) in places such as control panels, chemical plants, laboratories, and industrial heating systems that require specialized insulation and high temperature resistances for their use.

No. The lead wire is a connecting wire used in industries insulated with materials like PVC, PTFE polymers etc.

A lead wire’s longevity is affected by many things: operating temperature, conditions of the environment, and the insulator used. Under rated operating conditions, the PVC insulated lead wires from Tempsens will generally last for 15 to 20 years, whereas PTFE and FEP insulated lead wires may very well exceed 25 to 30 years of lifespan.

Lead Wire is frequently referred to as Hookup wiring, Connection Wiring or Conductor Wiring. Depending on the settings of various temperature measuring applications, the lead wire may be identified as Extension Wire or Compensation Cable.

The lead wire price is determined by the conductor size, insulation material, and specifications. The quality of lead wires offered by Tempsens is of the highest standard at prices that are competitive with the marketplace, and their quotation for each type of lead wire will be provided upon request.

Low voltage cables are used up to and including a maximum value of 1.1kV (1100 volts). LV cables made by Tempsens are designed specifically to operate within a maximum voltage rating of LV for applications such as industrial and commercial users of electricity that need dependable power transfer without exceeding the design criteria for medium voltage equipment.

LV (Low Voltage) cables operate at voltages of 1.1kV and below, and are generally used to wire buildings and supply electricity. MV (Medium Voltage) cables operate at voltages between 1kV and 35kV, and are typically used in distribution systems of electric utilities. HV (High Voltage) cables operate at voltages greater than 35kV, and are used for the transmission of electricity over long distances; they require specific insulation and design for improved performance under varying degrees of electrical stress.

A low-voltage power cable is composed of copper or tin plated copper (from 0.50 mm² to 300 mm²) as electrolytic grade conductors, core insulation made from either PVC, XLPE, or LSZH materials, a screen of either aluminium foil or mesh braid coverings used on the shielded variants, both the inner & outer sheaths protect the core from environmental damage; also available G.I. armour (metal-woven covering) for additional mechanical and impact resistance for difficult installations.

The various types that Tempsens uses include PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) for standard installations, XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) to withstand higher heat exposure (up to 90°C), HR PVC (Heat Resistant PVC), LSZH (Low Smoke and Zero Halogen) polymers for fire safety, FR PVC and FRLS PVC, which are flame retardant, along with PE (Polyethylene) or XLPO are used for some extreme applications that comply with IS & IEC Standards.

High temperature cables utilize select types of insulation made from materials including PTFE, fiberglass, ceramics, silicone rubber, or alumina fibers.

The operating temperature ranges for the various types of insulation are: alumina fibers can handle up to 1200°C; ceramic fibers can handle up to 800°C; fiberglass can handle up to 550°C; polyimides can handle about 310°C; PTFE and PFA cables can handle up to about 260°C; and silicone rubber has a maximum operating temperature of about 180°C.

The conductor materials for high temperature cables are selected from among annealed bare copper, tinned copper, silver plated copper, nickel plated copper, pure nickel, and NPC 27% alloy based on the temperature and performance of the application.

Operating temperature, voltage grade, conductor size, environmental factors, chemical exposure, degree of flexibility required and relevant standards must all be taken into consideration when selecting a high temperature cable. Refer to the manufacturer’s specifications for assistance in making the best selection.

Heat resistant cables should be chosen based on maximum operating temperature, voltage requirement, conductor size based on current load and environmental exposure (chemicals).

A heat-resistant cable can endure continuous high-temperature service (between 200°C – 800°C) whereas Fire Resistant Cables keep circuit integrity during a fire at “normal” temperatures.

Tempsens cables are designed for continuous use and have a service life of more than 20+ years when installed correctly and within the rated parameters provided by IS 8130.

The flexibility depends on the type of insulation – the silicone and FEP have very high levels of flexibility, while the fiberglass and ceramic fiber will offer average flexibility based on the requirements of the application.

Fire-retardant cables resist initial ignition and slow the spread of flames. Fire-resistant cables are designed to stay functional for limited time periods during a fire event. Fire survival cables are designed to ensure full circuit integrity at temperatures exceeding 750°C for 30-180 minutes, thereby keeping essential emergency safety systems operational throughout and subsequent to varying emergency fire events.

Installation must account for minimum bending radius (6-8 times cable diameter), use of fire resistant/cable retention fixings, adequate segregation away from other cables, fire rated terminations with cable duration rating, and qualified installation per BS 7671 regulation in order not to compromise fire survival integrity.

MI cable is a sheathed Thermocouple Cable, having an outer sheath of metal with Two to Eight Cores where positive and negative thermo elements run around Circular Pattern, embedded in MgO. Mineral Insulated Cables are suitable to high Mechanical, Chemical, and Electrical stability. Due to good Flexibility, Excellent mechanical strength, and pressure resistance, mineral insulated Thermocouples/RTD’s can be installed in complex installations.

Construction:

• One or more wire like conductors (cores) are embedded in a high insulation quality MgO(Magnesium Oxide) and pressed into a metal tube (sheath) made of oxidation and corrosion resistant material. The entire combination is then processed using suitable forming steps to obtain the final dimensions.

Compensating cable is made of alloys which are different from those of thermocouples but have the same output over a limited temperature range. Compensating cable is a connector between thermocouple and measuring instruments, these cables are less precise, but cheaper. They harness quite different relatively low cost alloy conductor materials, whose net thermocouple in question. The combination develops similar output as those of the thermocouple, but the operating temperature range has to be restricted to keep miss-match error acceptably small.

MI Cables cover up the wide area of applications. Important are listed below:

• In Chemical, Petrochemical and fertilizer industries, and as equipment in dairy, food processing, pharmaceutical industries, in hospitals, households as kitchenware, cryogenic vessels and as heat exchanger in air conditioning refrigeration, for machinery in paper, pulp and textile beverage sector.
• Architectural trims, Marine exteriors, chemical processing equipment, food processing equipment, petroleum refining equipment, photographic equipment.
• Nuclear power and reactor construction, chemical apparatus engineering, annealing furnaces, heat exchangers, crude oil industry, grease and soap industry, aircraft exhaust stacks and manifolds, pressure vessels, large mufflers for diesel engines, carburetors, expansion bellows, stack liners, fire walls etc.
• Power technology, recuperates, heat treatment kilns, vortex firing installations, waste incinerators, furnace construction, boilers and blast furnaces, PWR, Space Travel.

Extension cable uses wire of nominally the same conductor as the thermocouple itself, which thus inherently possess similar thermo power characteristics, and with no connection problems. Miss-match error arising from high connecting box temperature is likely to be relatively small. These cable are less costly then thermocouple wire, although not cheap, and are usually produced in a convenient form for carrying over long distance typically as flexible wiring or multi-core cables.They are recommended for best accuracy.

Pyrometers, also known as radiation thermometers, infrared thermometers, or non-contact thermometers, are instruments designed to measure temperature by detecting thermal radiation emitted from an object, without requiring physical contact.

A pyrometer measures infrared (IR) radiation that is emitted from the object being measured without contact, while a contact thermometer measures temperature by making contact with the object being measured.

The spectral range of an infrared thermometer defines the range of wavelengths to which the instrument is sensitive.

Nipples are made up with a flange from the same family on each end of a tube section. (Fittings that are manufactured with different flange families on each end are called hybrid adapters.) Straight nipples are manufactured with the same size flange on each end of straight section of tubing. Reducer nipples have different size flanges (from the same family) on each end.

The three piece unions have to be used in hazardous areas, for the junction between conduits pipes and boxes or various appliances. The unions are made up of three independent pieces that can be screwed up by rotating the same pieces among them.

Nipples are made up with a flange from the same family on each end of a tube section. (Fittings that are manufactured with different flange families on each end are called hybrid adapters.) Straight nipples are manufactured with the same size flange on each end of straight section of tubing. Reducer nipples have different size flanges (from the same family) on each end.

The three piece unions have to be used in hazardous areas, for the junction between conduits pipes and boxes or various appliances. The unions are made up of three independent pieces that can be screwed up by rotating the same pieces among them.

Following are the two types of termination style:

• Metallic Plugs and Socket Connections
• Standard & Miniature Thermocouple Connectors

The link between the thermoelectric wires of the thermocouple and those of the extension cable is made by means of non – compensated male and female connectors. The metallic body and casing of these connectors ensure the screening continuity as well as good temperature.

Standard & Miniature connectors are ideal for connecting thermocouple sensors and extension or compensating cable to each other. The pins are polarized to avoid an incorrect connection and the connector body is additionally marked for polarity. These connectors have color coding according to special standard like: ANSI, IEC etc.

The link between the thermoelectric wires of the thermocouple and those of the extension cable is made by means of non – compensated male and female connectors. The metallic body and casing of these connectors ensure the screening continuity as well as good temperature.

Standard & Miniature connectors are ideal for connecting thermocouple sensors and extension or compensating cable to each other. The pins are polarized to avoid an incorrect connection and the connector body is additionally marked for polarity. These connectors have color coding according to special standard like: ANSI, IEC etc.

Platinum has a near linear and extremely stable resistance-temperature relationship and has low drift over time. Pt100 elements have a consistent accuracy, good repeatability and very good material stability over a wide range of temperatures (-200 °C to 850 °C), which makes them the international standard for reasonable accuracy for industrial temperature measurement.

The selection depends on system design:

• Pt100 is preferred for high-accuracy industrial systems using 3-wire or 4-wire configurations, where cable resistance can be compensated.
• Pt1000 is advantageous in 2-wire circuits, long cable runs, and battery-powered or low-power installations because the higher base resistance reduces the influence of lead resistance and lowers self-heating effects.

Both are accurate; the choice is driven by wiring configuration, allowable uncertainty, and installation constraints.

An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) also known as resistance thermometer is a highly accurate temperature sensor that works by measuring electrical resistance. As temperature changes, the RTD resistance of elements (usually made of platinum) also changes in a predictable way. This change in resistance is then converted into a temperature reading.

RTD temperature sensors work on the principle that the electrical resistance of a metal increases with temperature in a predictable way. As the temperature of the metal rises, its atoms vibrate more, making it harder for electrons to pass — this increases the resistance. By measuring this change in resistance, the corresponding temperature can be accurately calculated.

An RTD Resistance Temperature Detector senses temperature by monitoring variations in the electrical resistance of a metal, usually platinum.

The RTD sensor’s operating principle relies on the fact that resistance varies with temperature in a known manner, providing accurate and stable temperature readings.

Think about parameters such as temperature range, precision, environment (vibration, chemicals), response time, and installation type. Select materials and construction based on these.

RTDs are applied to steel, pharmaceuticals, food processing, petro, HVAC, aerospace, power plants, and industrial automation for accurate temperature measurement and control.

The Callendar-Van Dusen equation is used to define RTD resistance:
R(t) = R₀(1 + At + Bt² + C(t – 100)t³), where A, B, C are constants.

Common materials are platinum (most precise), copper, nickel, and nickel-iron alloys—selected on the basis of stability, linearity, and corrosion resistance.

Platinum is highly stable and has a large range; copper is economical but low-resistance; nickel is highly sensitive but non-linear.

Platinum RTDs generally function within the range of –200°C to +850°C, whereas copper and nickel versions possess lower temperature thresholds determined by their design and materials.

IEC 751 specifies tolerances for RTD:
Class A = ±(0.15 + 0.002×t)°C;
Class B = ±(0.3 + 0.005×t)°C;
There are other classes such as 1/3, 1/5 DIN which are for greater precision.

They are high-purity platinum RTDs in accordance with ITS-90 standards and used in metrology laboratories for precise and repeatable measurements.

RTDs are made up of a sensing element (wire or film), insulators, leads, and a protective cover. They can be constructed as thin-film, coil-wound, or mineral insulated.

This form employs platinum wire wound into a helix and placed inside a ceramic tube for support, suitable for precise lab and industrial use.

Platinum wire is wound over a mandrel and glass- or ceramic-covered here, providing improved vibration resistance and moderate accuracy.

RTDs operate on 2, 3, or 4-wire configurations. Additional wires ensure the elimination of lead resistance and ensure greater accuracy in measurements.

Simple configuration in which a single lead is connected to both ends of the element. It’s easy but has the effect of lead resistance being measured, which decreases the accuracy.

It’s the most popular industrial setup; it takes care of lead wire resistance if all leads have the same resistance.

Utilized in applications requiring precision, it totally removes lead resistance effects by sensing voltage along a known current path.

RTD wiring generally adheres to color codes: two red and one white for 3-wire; two red and two white for 4-wire configurations.

These RTDs are housed in compacted MgO within a metal sheath, thereby being vibration-resistant and flexible, and suited for harsh environment use.

Typical errors are lead wire resistance, insulation breakdown, self-heating, mechanical stress, and long-term calibration drift.

Conformity guarantees standardized performance from sensors; increased conformity indicates greater interchangeability without recalibration.

Sensitivity is a measure of how much the resistance varies per degree; greater sensitivity enhances measurement resolution and signal intensity.

High insulation resistance avoids shunting errors and insures the RTD’s readings are correct and not affected by leakage currents.

Current measurement induces minor self-heating. If not relieved, it causes errors. Reduced current or improved heat removal lessens the effect.

It establishes the speed with which the RTD responds to changes in temperature. Reduced time constants allow faster response in dynamic applications.

Repeatability guarantees that the RTD delivers the same output for a given set of circumstances, essential for process control and data logging to be reliable and consistent.

Long-term resistance to drift is represented by stability. Platinum RTDs exhibit excellent stability, particularly in harsh industrial environments.

Suitable packaging facilitates heat transfer, guards the element, and maintains precision and quick response in the desired environment.

These are robust RTD assemblies contained in protective sheaths and used for direct immersion or industrial installations within a thermowell.

Probe assemblies consist of the RTD sensor, sheath, lead wires, and mounting hardware to meet process connection specifications.

Flexible RTDs are thin, flexible sensors applied in curved or irregular surfaces, offering quick response and high accuracy in confined areas.

These RTDs are engineered for custom applications like surface mounts, embedded sensors, or flexible strip form in OEM equipment.

RTDs are employed in environments such as process industries, laboratories, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, energy, and HVAC, where accurate and consistent temperature regulation is necessary.

They offer excellent accuracy, enduring stability, wide temperature range, high repeatability, making them ideal for precise temperature control applications.

RTDs are pricier than thermocouples, respond more slowly, and are less applicable at extremely high temperatures (beyond 850°C).

Base metal thermocouples are extremely popular in steel mills, cement kilns, chemical reactors, refineries, boilers, industrial furnaces and general process heating systems for their mission-critical temperature sensing, control and monitoring functionality.

A thermocouple is a sensor formed by joining two dissimilar metals that generate voltage with temperature changes, based on the Seebeck Effect.

Choose the thermocouple type based on temperature range, environment (oxidizing, reducing), sensor shape, and process compatibility.

Thermocouples offer faster response and wider ranges; RTDs are more stable over time. Thermistors are limited to low temps and require complex electronics.

• Hot junctions in thermocouples are formed using TIG or laser welding to ensure conductivity and stability.

Tempsens thermocouples follow IEC 60584, ASTM E230, and ANSI MC96.1 for EMF output and material consistency.

• Thermocouples (R, S, B) are made with platinum-rhodium for high-temperature measurements where a temperature of more than 1200° is required and up to 1750°C.

• Refractory Metal Thermocouples are manufactured from exotic metals like Tungsten and Rhenium. These metals are expensive, difficult to manufacture, and brittle. These are utilized in high-temperature environments and under reducing or vacuum atmospheres, functioning at temperatures up to 2300°C.
  

   

Used in industries like:

• Steel
• Glass
• Cement
• Oil & Gas
• Power
• Petrochemical
• Nuclear & Defence
• Chemical
• Aerospace 
• Laboratories

Key traits include: 

• Quick response time
• Wide temperature range
• Compatibility with many industrial controllers and PLCs.

MI thermocouples provide:

• High flexibility
• Fast response
• High insulation resistance
• Ideal for rugged installations.

• Thermocouple uses in the steel industry are:
  • Blast Furnace
  • Annealing Furnace
  • Sinter Plants
  • Tundish
  • Billet reheating
  • Rolling mill temperature monitoring.
  • Mold Casting

Thermocouple uses in the cement industry are:

• Clinker zone 
• Pre-heaters
• Rotary kilns
• Boilers

Thermocouple uses in the pharma industry are:

• Autoclaves
• Lyophilizers
• Sterilizers
• Cleanroom validation
• Distillation Columns
• Process- Tank, boiler, reactor, dryer, granulation, distillation column, etc 

Thermocouple uses in the petrochemical industry where corrosion-resistant and high-temperature sensors are critical:

• Reactor; Fire Tube & Heat exchangers
• Reformers
• Naphtha Cracker unit 
• Pipelines
• Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU)
• Vibrations & Bearing applications
• Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit