Thermowells and Accessories

Adjustable compression fitting are used directly on probe to achieve the required insertion length in the process and to ensure the proper sheathing of probes into thermowell. Compression fittings for attaching tubing (piping) commonly have ferrules in them. Compression fittings are popular because they do not require soldering, so they are comparatively quick and easy to use.

Nipples are made up with a flange from the same family on each end of a tube section. (Fittings that are manufactured with different flange families on each end are called hybrid adapters.) Straight nipples are manufactured with the same size flange on each end of straight section of tubing. Reducer nipples have different size flanges (from the same family) on each end.

The three piece unions have to be used in hazardous areas, for the junction between conduits pipes and boxes or various appliances. The unions are made up of three independent pieces that can be screwed up by rotating the same pieces among them.

Following are the two types of termination style:

• Metallic Plugs and Socket Connections
• Standard & Miniature Thermocouple Connectors

The link between the thermoelectric wires of the thermocouple and those of the extension cable is made by means of non – compensated male and female connectors. The metallic body and casing of these connectors ensure the screening continuity as well as good temperature.

Standard & Miniature connectors are ideal for connecting thermocouple sensors and extension or compensating cable to each other. The pins are polarized to avoid an incorrect connection and the connector body is additionally marked for polarity. These connectors have color coding according to special standard like: ANSI, IEC etc.

Thermowells protect the sensor from process conditions, allow for hot replacement, lower maintenance costs, and reduce uncertainty in measurement while maintaining the integrity of system pressure.

Selecting the right Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) depends on several factors, including process pressure, temperature range, flow velocity, insertion length, tip profile, and compatibility between the sensor and process connection.

The basic parts of a thermowell are: stem body, tip shape, process connection (threaded, welded, or flanged), and protective tube which holds the temperature sensor in place.

Installing a thermowell includes finding the appropriate types of thermowell based on your process conditions, the appropriate insertion length, or depth before performing the work to ensure the process connection is secure, and then inserting the thermowell sensor assembly.

Thermowell frequency is defined as the wake frequency calculations completed in the design in order to limit the possibility of failure due to vibration to assure the long-term operational safety of the design and goal of product compliance.

• Metallic tubes are fabricated or machined from SS, Inconel, or Monel and offer strong protection in high-velocity or high-pressure fluid systems.

• Threaded, flanged, socket weld, and Van Stone are popular, with varying advantages in installation, maintenance, and strength.

• Fabricated thermowells consist of several pieces that are welded together, ideal for low to moderate process conditions, and provide economical protection.

• Barstock thermowells are machine-turned from solid metal bars, offering exceptional mechanical strength and toughness for high-stress applications.

• Van Stone thermowells are made from a single bar with a slip-on flange, with a leak-free seal without having to weld the flange.

• Typical tip profiles are straight, tapered, stepped, and helical—each one suited to optimize response time, strength, and flow resistance.

• Thermowells are composed of a stem (shank), tip (sensing end), and process connection. They’re built to house sensors while withstanding process conditions.

• Shank construction is the shape of the stem (straight, stepped, or tapered), which influences strength and response time of the sensor.

• Types of Flange are raised face (RF), flat face (FF), and ring-type joint (RTJ), depending on pressure rating and sealing surface.

• Welding types are full penetration welds, fillet welds, and socket welds, each of which is qualified for strength and leak-tight performance.

• WPS specifies the way welding is done; PQR checks it through testing. Both ensure welds are safe and of quality.

• Special coatings such as PTFE, ceramic, or carbide resist corrosion, scaling, and abrasion in tough environments.

• Normal tests involve hydrostatic pressure tests, dye penetrant examination, radiography, material testing, and dimensional inspection.

• This checks chemical composition and mechanical properties to guarantee ASTM or ASME conformity.

• It verifies all important dimensions such as insertion length, bore, and flange alignment according to drawing specifications.

• This test places high fluid pressure on the thermowell to verify its seal and structural strength.

• DPI is a non-destructive inspection that identifies surface cracks or welding flaws by using a fluorescent or visible dye.

• Radiographic examination employs X-rays or gamma radiation to identify internal flaws or discontinuities in welds and wall thickness.

• Frequency limits, as specified by ASME PTC 19.3 TW-2010, forestall resonance and vibration-induced failure due to flow-induced turbulence.
  

• Stress on the thermowell is minimized at low velocity, enabling longer insert lengths or weaker profiles.
  

• Select the thermowell material according to the temperature range and the environment (corrosive, oxidizing etc.) in which it is to be used.
  • These wells can be made from different materials like SS304, SS316, HRS446, Inconel, Monel, Ceramic, etc.
• According to the construction of Thermowell (Steeped Shank, Straight Shank, Tapered Shank)
  • Steeped Shank- Provide faster response time and lower drag force.
  • Straight Shank- Extremely strong, but response time is slower and drag force on the fluid flow is high.
  • Tapered Shank- Provide good response time and strength.
• Thermowell Insertion Length
  • For best temperature measurement accuracy, the “U” dimension should be long enough to permit the entire temperature-sensitive part of the measuring instrument to project into the medium being measured.
    Liquid temperature measurement: One inch or greater.
    Gas temperature measurement:- three inches or greater.
• Resistance to vibration.
  • Fluid flowing past the well forms a turbulent wake (the Von Karman Trail), which has a definite frequency based on the diameter of the well and the velocity of the fluid.
  • The thermowell must have sufficient stiffness so that the wake frequency will never equal the natural frequency of the thermowell itself. If the natural frequency of the well were to coincide with the wake frequency, the well would vibrate to destruction and break off.
• To avoid the Thermowell failures caused by excessive pressure, drag forces, high temperature, corrosion, vibrations, it is recommended to run thermowell calculations based on your applications:
  • Maximum or operating temperature
  • Maximum or operating pressure
  • Fluid(gas or liquid) velocity
  • Fluid Density.

• Accessories comprise compression fittings, bushings, thermocouple connectors, gaskets, and support collars for installation and sealing.